HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

July 29, 2020

HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

HYDROGEN STORAGE AND TRANSPORTATION

our this video deals with the ways of hydrogen storage and transportation in various forms. In this video we discussed about the most conventional ways of hydrogen transportation and other through which it is possible.Hydrogen transportation in the form ammonia,liquid hydrogen form,compressed hydrogen form and liquid organic hydrogen carriers(LOHC) are discussed.We also discussed the graph representing the cost of conversion,storage and transportation of various types of modes. DO LIKE,SHARE AND SUBSCRIBE OUR VIDEO.

The international hydrogen market and related shipping can be considered similar to natural gas, and the hydrogen will likely need to be transported over long distances. Its low volumetric density, in addition to a relatively high energy content, means that it is lighter to transport, but it requires more space than fossil fuel alternatives. To overcome this characteristic, hydrogen can be either compressed or liquefied or embedded in energy carriers such as ammonia, methanol and other liquid organic hydrogen carriers at the expense of energy losses.

The hydrogen form to be chosen depends on the quantities and distance involved, typically gas cylinders gas trailers or in liquid rather than gaseous form .Whereas hydrogen transport by gas grids generally occurs by compressing it, the most promising and studied pathways for international shipping are liquid forms either through hydrogen liquefaction or its transformation into ammonia converted back to hydrogen at the local of destination if required. Now,we will Consider the main forms of hydrogen transportation

Like liquefied natural gas, hydrogen in liquid form can be shipped as a global commodity. Liquefaction has as the main drawback its high consumption of power, accounting for roughly 20-40% of the hydrogen energy content in the liquefaction process, in addition to eventual hydrogen loss due to boil-off. whereas Trade in the form of ammonia also consumes a large amount of energy in both synthesis and cracking, but it is expected to have a higher overall energy efficiency and thus lower costs.especially in the case where final cracking back to hydrogen is not needed, for instance for direct combustion for power generation. However, if pure hydrogen is required like fuel cells and thus ammonia cracking is needed ,liquefaction may be the most efficient route.

Ammonia has a higher energy density per volume than liquid hydrogen, and can be stored and transported as a liquid at low pressures or incryogenic tanks at around -33°C at 1 bar. Ammonia has been synthesised, handled and transported for decades and has an existent international supply chain in its favour. The cracking step is still a technical challenge currently under development but can be a game changer if technical andeconomic challenges are successfully solved.

Hydrogen can also be stored and transported embedded in other liquid organic hydrogen carriers that are potentially cheap, safe and easy to manage. Like other pathways, hydrogen is typically saturated with other compounds in an exothermic process at high temperature and pressure. It is then released in pure form by an endothermic dehydrogenation process at high temperature and atmospheric pressure.

Pipeline is onshore the cheapest mode of transport for large quantities of H2 (tens to hundreds of kilotonnes per year) .Pipeline transport of compressed gaseous hydrogen is in general the most cost-effective way of transporting large volumes of it over long distances. This can be done in pure form, or blended into natural gas in gas pipelines, up to limits prescribed by the relevant regulations or imposed by contract or other restrictions. Small volumes, such as those required today at hydrogen fuelling stations, would generally be most cost-effectively transported in bulk by truck.

This graph shows cost of energy penalty from four hydrogen chains including storage,transportation, and conversion.These results indicate that transport and storage of liquid hydrogen has a high cost, in part due to high energy losses from liquefaction and high cost of hydrogen ships. transport and storage of Compressed Gaseous Hydrogen and ammonia have similar costs. But the cost components are very different. For ammonia, the major cost components are the ammonia synthesis and reforming. For longer distances, or increased need for storage, ammonia may be the better option. The main cost components in the CGH value chain are the hydrogen pipelines and the storage in tanks. It should be noted that subsurface storage is another and less costly option for storage of CGH when suitable formations are available. The clearly cheapest option overall is the transport and storage of hydrogen as a hydrogenated LOHC.

However, liquification process for hydrogen transportation is considered as solution and first hydrogen vessel Suiso Frontier is made by kawasaki hevy industries,japan,to transport liquified hydrogen.the major challenges faced while transporting hydrogen in liquified form includes very low temperature (about –250 °C)requiring high energy for storage.additiona; to that Liquefaction consumes about 20-40% of the energy brought by Hydrogen. other includes risk of leakage,,long term storage.and boil-off control.

These considerations, along with those regarding selection of production method, show that the lowest cost or preferred value chain depends on the application and context. No single solution would be equally applicable in all circumstances.