Hydrogen applications in Transportation

Hydrogen application in Transportation

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Molecular hydrogen is used by transportation means directly without further conversion as an energy source.such hydrogen can be used both in internal combustion engines and in fuel cell systems.

Hydrogen was regarded as a promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines.Advantage of using hydrogen as fuel lies in its carbon free combustion and its broad ignition range and high flame velocity allow for improved combustion efficiencies significantly reduction in comparison to hydrocarbon fuels.but the efficiency of hot hydrogen combustion is fundamentally no higher than that of conventionally operated petrol and diesel engines.

For that reason ,and also because of technical advances that have been made in mobile fuel cell technology.for all practical purposes only cold combustion is used in fuel cell systems in the mobility sector.Fuel cell generates electricity used to drive motor vehicles other means of transport.

Aviation

In civil aviation, hydrogen-powered fuel cells are regarded as potential energy providers for aircraft as they have been in space travel for some time now More recently, electric aviation has been boosted by a number of small demonstration aircraft of unmanned drones, motor gliders or small sports aircraft with a mass of up to 1.5 t . These miniature and small propeller aircraft were fitted with Proton exchange membrane fuel cells  for the drive.

Companies such as Boeing, Lange Aviation, and the German Aerospace Center pursue hydrogen as fuel for manned and unmanned airplanes. In February 2008 Boeing tested a manned flight of a small aircraft powered by a hydrogen fuel cell.

In July 2010, Boeing unveiled its hydrogen-powered Phantom Eye UAV, powered by two Ford internal-combustion engines that have been converted to run on hydrogen.

The use of fuel cell technology as the sole or main drive and fuel for full-sized commer­cial aircraft in national and international air services is not yet in sight, however

Maritime

fuel cell ships are at the demonstration stage in various segments (ferries, shuttles, etc.) and regulatory push is creating the opportunity for more rapid development. Hydrogen fuel cells can also be used to replace on-board and onshore power supply, currently often based on diesel or fuel oil, to eliminate pollutants emissions (NOx, SOx and particulate matter) in harbors,while avoiding expensive installation costs for electrical connections at the harbor.

Energy Observer, launched in April 2017, is the first vessel in the world to both generate and be powered by hydrogen. Developed in collaboration with engineers from the CMA CGM and energy observer.  the boat will test and prove the efficiency of a full production chain that relies on the coupling of different renewable energies.

 Submarines are a niche application of fuel cells. For instance, electrolysers have been used in submarines for some time now to produce oxygen for breathing air. Submarines operated with fuel cells have been developed in the USA and Germany. The submarines developed in Germany use PEM fuel cells and metal hydride hydrogen stores. In terms of submarine applications, fuel cells are characterized by low noise emissions, low operating temperatures and air-independent operation. However, the market for submarines is very small, and even in the future it will not grow beyond a niche size.

Trucks

The high energy density of hydrogen makes it particularly suitable for trucks, which carry heavy goods over long distances.Heavy Duty Fuel Cell Vehicles are electric vehicles with range & fueling time equal to diesels today. Hydrogen has the same benefits of electric vehicles as they use the same electric motors  which has more horsepower, instant torque, zero emissions  while eliminating many issues derived from battery electric vehicles including long recharge times, limited range, cold start and added weight. Hyundai motors started production of first mass scale production heavy duty fuel cell truck powered by hydrogen fuel.Hyundai will roll out 50 trucks this year and total of 1600 truck by year 2025.

Cars 

As of 2018, there are 3 hydrogen cars publicly available in select markets: the Toyota Mirai, the Hyundai Nexo, and the Honda Clarity.In 2013 the Hyundai Tucson FCEV was launched, it was a conversion of the Tucson and available in left-hand drive only..Toyota launched the world's first dedicated mass produced fuel cell vehicle (FCV), the Mirai, in Japan at the end of 2014 and began sales in California, mainly the Los Angeles area and also in selected markets in Europe, the UK, Germany and Denmark.

Train

In March 2015, China South Rail Corporation (CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen fuel cell-powered tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao.In northern Germany in 2018 the first fuel-cell powered Coradia iLint trains were placed into service; excess power is stored in lithium-ion batteries.



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