Hydrogen applications in Transportation
Hydrogen application in Transportation
Molecular hydrogen is used by
transportation means directly
Hydrogen was regarded as a
promising alternative fuel for internal combustion engines.Advantage of using
hydrogen as fuel lies in its carbon free combustion and its broad ignition
range and high flame velocity allow for improved combustion efficiencies significantly
reduction in comparison to hydrocarbon fuels.but the efficiency of hot
hydrogen combustion is fundamentally no higher than that of conventionally
operated petrol and diesel engines.
For that reason ,and also
because of technical advances that have been made in mobile fuel cell
technology.for all practical purposes only cold combustion is used in fuel cell
systems in the mobility sector.Fuel cell generates electricity used to drive
motor vehicles other means of transport.
Aviation
In civil aviation,
hydrogen-powered fuel cells are regarded as potential energy providers for
aircraft as they have been in space travel for some time now More recently,
electric aviation has been boosted by a number of small demonstration aircraft
of unmanned drones, motor gliders or small sports aircraft with a mass of up to
1.5 t . These miniature and small propeller aircraft were fitted with Proton
exchange membrane fuel cells for the
drive.
Companies such as
Boeing, Lange Aviation, and the German Aerospace Center pursue hydrogen as fuel
for manned and unmanned airplanes. In February 2008 Boeing tested a manned
flight of a small aircraft powered by a hydrogen fuel cell.
In July 2010,
Boeing unveiled its hydrogen-powered Phantom Eye UAV, powered by two Ford
internal-combustion engines that have been converted to run on hydrogen.
The use of fuel
cell technology as the sole or main drive and fuel for full-sized commercial aircraft in national and international
air services is not yet in sight, however
Maritime
fuel cell ships are at the demonstration stage in various segments (ferries, shuttles, etc.) and regulatory push is creating the opportunity for more rapid development. Hydrogen fuel cells can also be used to replace on-board and onshore power supply, currently often based on diesel or fuel oil, to eliminate pollutants emissions (NOx, SOx and particulate matter) in harbors,while avoiding expensive installation costs for electrical connections at the harbor.
Energy Observer, launched in April 2017, is
the first vessel in the world to both generate and be powered by hydrogen.
Developed in collaboration with engineers from the CMA CGM and energy observer. the
boat will test and prove the efficiency of a full production chain that relies
on the coupling of different renewable energies.
Submarines are a niche application of fuel
cells. For instance, electrolysers have been used in submarines for some time
now to produce oxygen for breathing air. Submarines operated with fuel cells
have been developed in the USA and Germany. The submarines developed in Germany
use PEM fuel cells and metal hydride hydrogen stores. In terms of submarine
applications, fuel cells are characterized by low noise emissions, low
operating temperatures and air-independent operation. However, the “market” for submarines is very small, and even in
the future it will not grow beyond a niche size.
Trucks
The high energy density of hydrogen makes it particularly
suitable for trucks, which carry heavy goods over long distances.Heavy Duty Fuel Cell Vehicles are electric vehicles with
range & fueling time equal to diesels today. Hydrogen has the same benefits
of electric vehicles as they use the same electric motors which has more horsepower, instant torque,
zero emissions while eliminating many
issues derived from battery electric vehicles including long recharge times,
limited range, cold start and added weight. Hyundai motors started production of
first mass scale production heavy duty fuel cell truck powered by hydrogen
fuel.Hyundai will roll out 50 trucks this year and total of 1600 truck by year
2025.
Cars
As of 2018, there are 3 hydrogen cars
publicly available in select markets: the Toyota Mirai, the Hyundai Nexo, and
the Honda Clarity.In 2013 the Hyundai Tucson FCEV was launched, it was a
conversion of the Tucson and available in left-hand drive only..Toyota launched
the world's first dedicated mass produced fuel cell vehicle (FCV), the Mirai,
in Japan at the end of 2014 and began sales in California, mainly the Los
Angeles area and also in selected markets in Europe, the UK, Germany and
Denmark.
Train
In March 2015, China South Rail Corporation (CSR) demonstrated the world's first hydrogen fuel cell-powered tramcar at an assembly facility in Qingdao.In northern Germany in 2018 the first fuel-cell powered Coradia iLint trains were placed into service; excess power is stored in lithium-ion batteries.
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